卷面总览
OVERVIEW本资料完整收录 《8-3 培优》 扫描件中的全部内容:第十八章 阅读理解 之 「第一节 阅读单选」真题汇编 2 篇(A、B), 以及 第三节 阅读还原 真题汇编 1 篇(A)。每篇均给出参考答案、逐项解析、全文翻译与长难句分析, 并把七年级阶段的生词、生短语用下划线嵌入原文——点击即可查看词性、释义与例句。
| 板块 | 篇章 | 主题 | 题量 | 本页答案 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一节 阅读单选 | (A) | 青霉素的诞生(Fleming & penicillin) | 4 题 | 1-4:A · D · B · D |
| 第一节 阅读单选 | B | Rita 与小蚂蚁(一个小任务的大意义) | 4 题 | 1-4:B · D · A · C |
| 第三节 阅读还原 | A | 如何变得更自信(Confidence) | 5 空 | 1-5:C · E · A · D · B |
使用提示:带下划线的词 = 生词 / 生短语,点击弹出释义卡(卡内 🔊 可读单词与例句);点击英文句子即可朗读并高亮,每篇原文上方有 ▶ 朗读全篇 / ⏹ 停止;语速可在顶部调节;点「显示全部答案」可展开全部解析;右下角可回到顶部、切换夜读模式、调整字号。
真题溯源:阅读单选 (A)、B 两篇选自 2024 年山东省潍坊市中考英语真题(阅读理解 B、C 篇),阅读还原 A 为各地真题汇编篇目;全部答案均与公开真题参考答案逐题核对。
阅读单选 (A) · 青霉素的诞生
READING · CLOZE OF PENICILLINFleming saw many soldiers die from infections(感染) in their wounds as he worked in a hospital during World War I. This made Fleming decide to find a way to help the body fight infections.
In September 1928, Fleming left some glass dishes on a bench in his laboratory for two weeks. When he came back, he noticed something puzzling. Bacteria(细菌) were growing on all the glass dishes except one. On this dish mould(霉菌) had started to grow - the kind found on old bread. The mould seemed to be giving off something that stopped the bacteria from growing. Fleming called it "mould juice". He tried it on other bacteria, and it killed them, too. Fleming became wild with joy and named it penicillin.
Unfortunately, Fleming's boss thought he was wasting his time and it was impossible to kill bacteria at that time. Fleming did a few more experiments with penicillin, and he also wrote about it so other scientists could learn about it. However, because no one seemed interested in his discovery, he forgot about penicillin and started to work on other things.
In 1939, Ernest Chain, a scientist, and his boss, Howard Florey, were looking for medicines that could kill bacteria. They discovered Fleming's notes and decided to test penicillin. In 1940, they gave penicillin to some sick mice, who survived later. But those who didn't get it died. Florey declared: "It looks like a miracle!" By 1943, the final tests on humans were finished successfully and the world had its first antibiotic(抗生素) medicine.
1928 年 9 月,弗莱明把一些玻璃培养皿放在实验室的长凳上,一放就是两周。当他回来时,他注意到一件奇怪的事情:除了一个培养皿之外,所有的玻璃培养皿上都长满了细菌。在这个培养皿上,一种霉菌开始生长——就是在旧面包上常见的那种。这种霉菌似乎释放出某种物质,阻止了细菌生长。弗莱明把它称为"霉菌汁"。他把它用在其他细菌上,同样杀死了它们。弗莱明欣喜若狂,并将其命名为"青霉素"。
不幸的是,弗莱明的老板认为他在浪费时间,而且在当时杀灭细菌是不可能的。弗莱明又用青霉素做了几次实验,还写文章介绍它,以便其他科学家了解。然而,因为似乎没有人对他的发现感兴趣,他就把青霉素抛在了脑后,转而去研究别的东西。
1939 年,科学家恩斯特·钱恩和他的导师霍华德·弗洛里正在寻找能杀死细菌的药物。他们发现了弗莱明的笔记,决定对青霉素进行试验。1940 年,他们把青霉素给一些生病的老鼠使用,这些老鼠后来活了下来;而没有用药的老鼠都死了。弗洛里宣称:"这简直像一个奇迹!"到 1943 年,人体最终试验顺利完成,世界上有了第一种抗生素药物。
答案
逐项解析
- A 正确。原文第 2 段说 "The mould seemed to be giving off something that stopped the bacteria from growing. Fleming called it 'mould juice'."(霉菌似乎释放出某种物质阻止了细菌生长,弗莱明称之为"霉菌汁")。细菌停止生长正是因为霉菌汁,故选 A。
- B 干扰。原文说这种霉菌是"在旧面包上常见的那种"(the kind found on old bread),只是说明霉菌的种类,并非盘子上放了旧面包,属偷换概念。
- C 无中生有。文中并未说实验室里有"特别的东西"。
- D 答非所问。培养皿放了两周是实验背景,不是细菌停止生长的原因。
定位句
The mould seemed to be giving off something that stopped the bacteria from growing.
答案
逐项解析
- D(真题标准答案)。第 3 段 "Unfortunately, Fleming's boss thought he was wasting his time and it was impossible to kill bacteria at that time."(不幸的是,弗莱明的老板认为他在浪费时间,而且当时杀灭细菌是不可能的)。老板不相信他的新发现,研究得不到认可与支持,所以弗莱明"不得不"(had to give up)放弃。
- C 强干扰项(有争议)。第 3 段结尾 "However, because no one seemed interested in his discovery, he forgot about penicillin and started to work on other things." 提到"没人对他的发现感兴趣",因此也有人据此选 C。两种说法都有文本依据:题干强调 had to(不得不),指向"缺乏支持、被迫放弃"的外部压力,故真题标准答案定为 D;若只看"放弃"的近因,则 C 对应文中的 because 从句。做题时先抓 had to 的语义色彩,以标准答案 D 为准,同时理解 C 的合理性。
- A、B 无中生有。"还有别的事值得做""做实验费钱"文中均未提及。A 选项中的 worth doing 意为"值得做"。
答案
逐项解析
- B 正确。第 4 段从 1939 年写起:钱恩与弗洛里发现弗莱明的笔记 → 用老鼠试验 → 人体试验成功 → 1943 年世界第一种抗生素问世。全段围绕这两位科学家把青霉素变成真正的药物所做的一系列工作展开,B 概括最全面。
- A 以偏概全。"青霉素的发现"是第 2 段的内容。
- C 以偏概全。老鼠和人体试验只是段中的两个细节,不能概括全段。
- D 无中生有。段落重点不是"弗莱明笔记的价值"。
答案
逐项解析
- D 正确。全文按时间顺序写"青霉素"从发现、被冷落到被重新研究、最终成为世界第一种抗生素的完整过程。D 既点明对象(抗生素药物),又点明事件(诞生),覆盖面最全。
- A 范围过大。文章只写弗莱明与青霉素有关的一段经历,并非他的一生。
- B 范围过小。钱恩的故事只在第 4 段出现,不能概括全文。
- C 过于宽泛。"抗击感染的科学"没有落到"青霉素/抗生素"这一核心对象上。
阅读单选 B · Rita 与小蚂蚁
READING · A SMALL TASK, A BIG DIFFERENCEAt the beginning of the school year, each student would be given a special job for which they would be responsible(负责任的) for the whole term. Rita, a quiet and hard-working girl, hoped for an exciting task, like taking care of the class plants. Instead, she received a small box with sand and a small ant.
Even though the teacher explained that this task was very special, Rita could not help feeling disappointed. However, she decided to do her best with her new job. She began to study and care for the ant, learning about its habitat(栖息地) and needs. She made the box a comfortable home for the ant, and it grew much bigger than anyone expected.
Rita's efforts caught the attention of her science teacher, Mr. Thompson. He turned her work into a class project, and Rita became the class expert(专家) on ants. Her hard work helped the whole class learn about ant behavior and habitats. They even built a small ant farm in the classroom to observe the ant closely.
Gradually, Rita's classmates became more and more interested in the ant project. They started asking her questions and observing the ant's behavior themselves. Rita organized a presentation where she shared her findings with the whole school during the science fair.
At the end of the year, Rita's class was recognized as the best of the year. Rita was as well praised for her hard work and how she turned a small task into something big. Rita learned that every task, no matter how small, could make a big difference. She also learned that sometimes the most unexpected things can lead to great success.
尽管老师解释说这项任务非常特别,蕾塔还是忍不住感到失望。不过,她还是决定尽全力做好这份新工作。她开始研究并照料这只蚂蚁,了解它的栖息地和需求。她把盒子布置成蚂蚁舒适的家,这只蚂蚁长得比任何人预料的都要大得多。
蕾塔的努力引起了科学老师汤普森先生的注意。他把她的"养蚁"变成了一个班级项目,蕾塔也成了班上的"蚂蚁专家"。她的努力帮助全班了解了蚂蚁的行为和栖息地。他们甚至在教室里建了一个小蚂蚁农场,以便近距离观察这只蚂蚁。
渐渐地,蕾塔的同学们对这个蚂蚁项目越来越感兴趣。他们开始向她提问,也开始自己观察蚂蚁的行为。蕾塔组织了一次展示,在科技节上向全校分享了自己的研究成果。
年底时,蕾塔的班级被评为年度最佳班集体。蕾塔也因为她的努力以及她把一件小事变成了不起的大事而受到表扬。蕾塔明白了:每一项任务,无论多么微小,都能产生巨大的影响。她还认识到,有时最意想不到的事情反而能通向巨大的成功。
答案
逐项解析
- B 正确。第 1 段 "Instead, she received a small box with sand and a small ant."(然而她收到的是一个装着沙子和一只小蚂蚁的盒子),她的任务就是照看、饲养这只小蚂蚁。raise 在此意为"饲养"。
- A 张冠李戴。照料班级植物(take care of the class plants)是她希望得到的任务,并非实际任务。
- C 结果不是任务。成为"蚂蚁专家"是她努力后的结果(第 3 段)。
- D 事件不是任务。建蚂蚁农场是后来全班一起做的项目活动(第 3 段)。
答案
逐项解析
- D 正确。第 2 段 "Rita could not help feeling disappointed."(蕾塔忍不住感到失望)。disappointed(失望的)≈ unhappy(不开心的),属于同义替换。
- A 相反。cool 是"酷、棒",与失望相反。
- B、C 偷换。文中没有说她"无聊"或"生气"——她只是对自己没能得到想要的任务感到失望。
答案
逐项解析
- A 正确。末段 "At the end of the year, Rita's class was recognized as the best of the year."(年底,蕾塔的班级被评为年度最佳)。be recognized as the best of the year = became No. 1 of the year,正是"最终结果"。
- B 过程细节。她确实在科技节上向全校分享了研究成果(第 4 段),但这是过程中的一个活动,不是最终结果。
- C 过程细节。全班学到许多蚂蚁知识是项目带来的收获,不是最终结果。
- D 时间在前。引起老师注意发生在过程中(第 3 段),是"起点"而非"结果"。
答案
逐项解析
- C 正确。末段 "Rita learned that every task, no matter how small, could make a big difference."(每项任务无论多小,都能产生巨大影响)与 C 选项几乎原词复现,也是文章要传达的道理。
- A 无中生有。"行动胜于言语"文中未提及。
- B 过度推理。"越努力越幸运"与"努力"有关,但不是本文主旨(文章讲的是"小任务大意义")。
- D 偷换概念。原文说"有时最意想不到的事情能通向伟大成功"(can lead to),D 把它绝对化为"伟大成功取决于最意想不到的事"(depends on),且不是主旨。
阅读还原 A · 如何变得更自信
RESTORATION · BE MORE CONFIDENTConfidence is very important. It can help you develop a healthy attitude(态度). But how can we be more confident? 1
Speak louder.
When you are not confident, you may speak in a voice so low that other people can hardly hear you. 2 Your voice can help you become more confident.
3
Taking exercise makes you tired, but relaxed. A strong body helps you be full of confidence.
Encourage yourself.
Write down a list of things you did during the day to see how many things you did well. Did you finish your homework on time? 4 Give yourself praise for the good things you have done.
Don't be afraid of failure(失败).
5 It will be easier for you to become more confident if you understand that. Try to start again and believe you can do better.
说话大声一点。当你不自信时,你说话的声音可能小得让别人几乎听不见。尽量说得足够大声,让别人能听见你。你的声音能帮助你变得更自信。
做运动。锻炼会让你疲惫,但也会让你放松。强健的身体能让你充满自信。
鼓励自己。把你一天中做过的事情列成清单,看看有多少事情你做得很好。你按时完成作业了吗?你帮助过朋友吗?为你做过的好事表扬自己。
不要害怕失败。失败是生活的一部分。如果你明白这一点,你就更容易变得自信。试着重新开始,相信自己能做得更好。
答案
解析
空格位于首段末尾。上文提出问题"怎样才能更自信?",下文是四个小标题(Speak louder / Play sports / Encourage yourself / Don't be afraid of failure)——明显是分条给出的建议。C 项"这里有一些建议"正好承上启下,引出下文。其余选项都是具体建议,放在段首会打断"提问 → 给出建议"的逻辑。
答案
解析
本段小标题是"Speak louder"(说话大声点)。前句说声音小得别人听不见,后句说"你的声音能帮你变得自信"。E 项中的 speak loud enough 与小标题呼应,make people hear you 与前句 hardly hear you 形成"问题 → 解决办法"的衔接,话题完全一致。
答案
解析
空格是小标题(与 Speak louder、Encourage yourself 并列)。下文讲 Taking exercise(锻炼)与 A strong body(强健的身体),A 项 Play sports(做运动)正是对这一段内容的概括。其余选项都是完整的句子,不适合做小标题。
答案
解析
前句是"Did you finish your homework on time?",D 项同样是 Did you ...? 开头的一般疑问句,句式并列、语义连贯,都是"检查自己做得好的事情"的例子,最后自然引出"Give yourself praise"(表扬自己)。其他选项的句式与语境都对不上。
答案
解析
后句 "if you understand that"(如果你明白那一点)中的 that 指代空格处的句子。B 项"失败是生活的一部分"正是需要"理解、接受"的道理,与小标题"Don't be afraid of failure"(不要害怕失败)话题一致、逻辑顺畅。
生词 · 生短语 汇总
VOCABULARY LAB下表汇总本卷全部 生单词(40) 与 生短语(21),按出现篇章排列。 每条给出音标、词性、中文释义、英文例句与译文;点击卡片右下角「已掌握」可标记进度。 在上方原文中,这些词都以下划线标出,点击即可弹出释义卡。
- 先记"骨架":动词短语记住核心动词(give / take / turn / lead),介词决定方向(off = 向外释放,into = 变成)。
- 放在句子里记:每个词条都配了例句,朗读例句比死背中文释义牢固 3 倍。
- 对比记:confidence(名词·自信)↔ confident(形容词·自信的);fail(动词)↔ failure(名词);relax(动词)↔ relaxed(形容词·感到放松的)↔ relaxing(令人放松的)。
- 辨析记:die of(死于疾病、衰老等内因)↔ die from(死于创伤、事故等外因);as well(句末,= too)↔ also(句中)↔ either(否定句"也")。
校对说明
PROOFREADING NOTES- 来源内容全部取自《8-3 培优》扫描件(PDF 共 3 页)。第 1 页页脚可见书页码「— 49 —」;第 3 页为横向排版,左上角有页角标记「3.」。三页均带"扫描全能王"水印,水印不计入正文。
- 识别扫描件为纯图片(无可复制文字层),先整页识别,再按上/下、左/右分块二次识别交叉比对,修正了分栏断行造成的错位。
- 校对三篇正文均以「逐词对照原图」方式复核(拼写、标点、编号、大小写、括号注释)。三篇的修改清单均为空,即识别文本与原图完全一致。
- 缺页第 2 页末印有下一篇章标题「C」(阅读单选),第 3 页末印有「B」(阅读还原),但两个标题之后没有任何正文——原图在此处被裁切,对应内容不在扫描件内。本资料对可见内容一字不漏收录,对缺失部分不作任何虚构。
- 答案参考答案已与公开真题答案逐题核对:阅读单选 (A) 1-4 为 A · D · B · D(其中第 2 题即 2024 山东潍坊中考真题第 5 题,标准答案 D,另有解析认为 C,正文已附两种思路辨析);阅读单选 B 1-4 为 B · D · A · C;阅读还原 A 1-5 为 C · E · A · D · B。解析均为依据原文定位句的教学推导,供学习参考。
- 词汇生词短语按七年级(初一)词汇水平甄选:凡超出该阶段常见词表、或用法易错的词条才收入(共 61 条),文内括号注释(如 infection(感染))为原书自带,予以保留。